Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)

Hypereosinophilic Syndrome (HES)

Key Takeaways Hypereosinophilic syndrome (HES) is a rare group of disorders characterized by persistently high blood eosinophils (≥1,500/μL), leading to inflammation and organ damage. Pathophysiology ▾: Caused by eosinophil overproduction and toxic...
Leukemoid Reaction

Leukemoid Reaction

Key Takeaways A leukemoid reaction is a benign, reactive process characterized by a marked increase in white blood cells (leukocytosis, often >50,000/µL) with immature myeloid forms (left shift), but it is not a malignancy. Physiological Basis ▾: It...
Hydrops Fetalis

Hydrops Fetalis

Key Takeaways Hydrops fetalis is excessive fluid accumulation in at least two fetal compartments (skin edema, pleural/pericardial effusion, ascites). Types: Immune (IHF, rare due to RhIG) and Non-Immune (NIHF, ~90% of cases). Pathophysiology ▾: Imbalance in...
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