Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment Strategies

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment Strategies

This blog post provides an overview of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and its treatment strategies based on the most recent guideline (2025) from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). TL;DR Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the primary treatment...
Hemoglobinuria: Overview and Causes

Hemoglobinuria: Overview and Causes

TL;DR Hemoglobinuria is the presence of free hemoglobin in urine, distinct from hematuria (whole RBCs). It occurs when intravascular hemolysis overwhelms the body’s hemoglobin-handling capacity (haptoglobin, hemopexin). Causes ▾: Transfusion reactions, hemolytic...
Hematuria (Blood in Urine): Overview & Causes

Hematuria (Blood in Urine): Overview & Causes

TL;DR Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, either visible (gross) or microscopic. Causes ▾: Ranges from benign (UTIs, stones, exercise) to serious (glomerulonephritis, cancer). Symptoms ▾: Can be asymptomatic or include pain, frequency, urgency, fever....
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

TL;DR Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by the Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody. Pathophysiology ▾: DL antibody (IgG) binds to red blood cells (RBCs) in cold temperatures. Upon warming, complement activation leads to...
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)

TL;DR Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is a rare, acquired clonal hematopoietic stem cell disorder characterized by complement-mediated hemolysis. Pathophysiology ▾: PIGA gene mutation leading to deficiency of GPI-anchored proteins (CD55, CD59). Uncontrolled...