Causes of Eosinophilia (High Eosinophils)

Causes of Eosinophilia (High Eosinophils)

TL;DR Eosinophilia (high eosinophils), defined as an elevated eosinophil count above 500 cells/µL, is a laboratory finding, not a disease itself, that signals a potential underlying medical issue requiring investigation based on its severity and the patient’s...
Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment Strategies

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia Treatment Strategies

This blog post provides an overview of Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) and its treatment strategies based on the most recent guideline (2025) from the National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN). TL;DR Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the primary treatment...
Hemoglobinuria: Overview and Causes

Hemoglobinuria: Overview and Causes

TL;DR Hemoglobinuria is the presence of free hemoglobin in urine, distinct from hematuria (whole RBCs). It occurs when intravascular hemolysis overwhelms the body’s hemoglobin-handling capacity (haptoglobin, hemopexin). Causes ▾: Transfusion reactions, hemolytic...
Hematuria (Blood in Urine): Overview & Causes

Hematuria (Blood in Urine): Overview & Causes

TL;DR Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, either visible (gross) or microscopic. Causes ▾: Ranges from benign (UTIs, stones, exercise) to serious (glomerulonephritis, cancer). Symptoms ▾: Can be asymptomatic or include pain, frequency, urgency, fever....
Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria

TL;DR Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria is a rare autoimmune hemolytic anemia caused by the Donath-Landsteiner (DL) antibody. Pathophysiology ▾: DL antibody (IgG) binds to red blood cells (RBCs) in cold temperatures. Upon warming, complement activation leads to...