Ecchymoses

Ecchymoses

TL;DR Ecchymoses are subcutaneous bleeding causing skin discoloration (bruise). Pathophysiology ▾: Small vessel damage leads to blood leakage into tissues; hemoglobin breakdown causes color changes. Causes ▾: Trauma, hematologic disorders, vascular issues,...
Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)

Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP)

TL;DR Henoch-Schönlein Purpura (HSP) is a systemic small-vessel vasculitis characterized by palpable purpura, arthritis/arthralgia, abdominal pain, and often kidney involvement. Causes ▾: Exact cause unknown; likely triggered by infections (e.g., upper respiratory),...
Evans Syndrome

Evans Syndrome

TL;DR Evans syndrome is. a rare autoimmune disorder with sequential or simultaneous autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) and immune thrombocytopenia (ITP), sometimes with autoimmune neutropenia (AIN). Pathophysiology ▾: Immune dysregulation leads to autoantibodies...
Wilson’s Disease

Wilson’s Disease

TL;DR Wilson’s disease is a rare genetic disorder causing toxic copper accumulation in the liver, brain, and other organs. Pathophysiology ▾: Defective ATP7B gene impairs copper excretion into bile and incorporation into ceruloplasmin, leading to copper overload...
Leukopenia (Low White Cell Count)

Leukopenia (Low White Cell Count)

TL;DR Leukopenia is defined as a decrease in total white blood cells (leukocytes) below the normal range, increasing infection susceptibility. Normal Count: Typically 4,000-11,000 cells/µL; leukopenia is generally <4,000 cells/µL. Classification ▾: Mild...