Liver and Causes of Hepatomegaly

Liver and Causes of Hepatomegaly

Introduction to Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly is the medical term for the enlargement of the liver beyond its normal size. It’s important to understand that hepatomegaly itself is not a disease but rather a clinical sign indicating an underlying pathological process...
Understanding Hematoma

Understanding Hematoma

TL;DR Hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, distinct from a simple bruise. Causes ▾: Can be traumatic (blunt force, penetrating, surgery) or non-traumatic (spontaneous rupture, bleeding disorders, medications). Symptoms ▾: Local...
Purpura

Purpura

TL;DR Purpura are purple/red skin spots due to bleeding under the skin. Size distinguishes them: petechiae (<4mm), purpura (4mm-1cm), ecchymoses (>1cm/bruises). Causes ▾: Broad, often categorized by platelet count (low or normal). Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)...
Petechiae

Petechiae

TL;DR Petechiae are pinpoint (1-2mm), non-blanching red or purple spots on skin or mucous membranes as a results of small capillary bleeding. Causes ▾: Increased pressure (coughing, straining). Low platelet count (thrombocytopenia). Platelet dysfunction. Infections...
Ecchymoses

Ecchymoses

TL;DR Ecchymoses are subcutaneous bleeding causing skin discoloration (bruise). Pathophysiology ▾: Small vessel damage leads to blood leakage into tissues; hemoglobin breakdown causes color changes. Causes ▾: Trauma, hematologic disorders, vascular issues,...