Sjögren’s Syndrome

Sjögren’s Syndrome

TL;DR Sjögren’s syndrome is a systemic autoimmune disease primarily targeting exocrine glands (dry eyes, mouth). Pathophysiology ▾: Lymphocytic infiltration, autoantibody production (anti-Ro/SSA, anti-La/SSB), genetic predisposition, and potential environmental...
Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

Waldenström Macroglobulinemia

TL;DR Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, slow-growing B-cell lymphoma characterized by the overproduction of IgM monoclonal immunoglobulin by lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) cells. Pathophysiology ▾: Primarily driven by the MYD88 L265P mutation, leading to...
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

TL;DR Pulmonary embolism (PE) is a blockage in lung arteries, usually from a DVT. Risk factors involve Virchow’s triad ▾: hypercoagulability, venous stasis, endothelial injury. Pathophysiology ▾: Increased pulmonary resistance, right heart strain, V/Q mismatch....
Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD)

TL;DR Peripheral artery disease (PAD) is the narrowing of arteries outside the heart, primarily in the legs, due to atherosclerosis. Cause ▾: Atherosclerosis (plaque buildup) is the main cause. Symptoms ▾: Intermittent claudication (leg pain with exercise), rest pain,...