Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

Glanzmann Thrombasthenia

TL;DR Glanzmann thrombasthenia is a rare, inherited bleeding disorder characterized by defective or deficient platelet αIIb​β3​ (GPIIb/IIIa) integrin leading impaired platelet aggregation despite normal platelet count. Pathophysiology ▾: αIIb​β3​ is crucial for...
Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

TL;DR Bernard-Soulier syndrome is inherited bleeding disorder characterized by large platelets, thrombocytopenia and impaired platelet function. Causes ▾: Mutations in GP1BA, GP1BB, or GP9 genes resulting in defects in the glycoprotein Ib-IX-V complex on platelet...
Liver and Causes of Hepatomegaly

Liver and Causes of Hepatomegaly

Introduction to Hepatomegaly Hepatomegaly is the medical term for the enlargement of the liver beyond its normal size. It’s important to understand that hepatomegaly itself is not a disease but rather a clinical sign indicating an underlying pathological process...
Understanding Hematoma

Understanding Hematoma

TL;DR Hematoma is a localized collection of blood outside of blood vessels, distinct from a simple bruise. Causes ▾: Can be traumatic (blunt force, penetrating, surgery) or non-traumatic (spontaneous rupture, bleeding disorders, medications). Symptoms ▾: Local...
Purpura

Purpura

TL;DR Purpura are purple/red skin spots due to bleeding under the skin. Size distinguishes them: petechiae (<4mm), purpura (4mm-1cm), ecchymoses (>1cm/bruises). Causes ▾: Broad, often categorized by platelet count (low or normal). Low platelets (thrombocytopenia)...